Investigating the effective factors on the relations between Qara Khitai of Kerman and Hormuz Rulers

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Associate Professor, Department of History, Faculty of Literature and Social Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman.

2 PhD student in Islamic Iran History, Kharazmi University, Tehran

Abstract

The coincidence of the two governments Qara Khitai of Kerman and Hormuz rulers during the Seventh century A.H and their proximity to each other established political relations between the rulers of the two local governments. Relationships that led to numerous factors such as financial and commercial interests, attempts to expand the territory, gain independence, etc., were hostile or friendly. The questions that this research seeks to answers: is the Qara Khitai of Kerman coinciding with which branch of the Hormuz rulers, and how were the political relationships between these two local governments? 2. Where did these political relations finally lead? By analyzing library resources with a descriptive-analytical approach, one can conclude that the Qara-Khitai government of Kerman was one of those local governments that was established by the efforts of Borāq Hājib in about 1223 A.D (619 A.H.), and preserved over the course of more than eight decades of its existence the preconditions for the political role of the rulers of Qara-Khitai government in the territory of neighbors such as Hormuz rulers. On the other hand, the old and new Hormuz rulers, although dissatisfied with the political interference of the rulers of the Qara Khitai of Kerman, secured their sovereignty with the use of political tolerance and payment of salary.

Keywords

References

Abbasi, Javad; Amiri, Leila (2011), "Kerman trade from the 6th to the 8th centuries AH with an emphasis on the position of Jiraft", Iranian Studies Journal, vol. 19, pp. 301-320. ]In Persian[
Afzal al-Din Kirmani, Ahmad ibn Hamid (1977), Kitab-i ʿIqd al-ʿUla lil-Mawqif al-Aʿla: Qadimitarin Tarikh, Marbut bih Havadis-i Kirman dar ʿAhd-i Salajiqa. Ali Muhammad Amiri Naini, Muhammad, Ibrahim Bastani-Parizi. Tehran: Ruzbahan. [In Persian]
Al-Hosseini, A. (1993). Akhbar Dowlat Seljuk. (M. Eqbal Rev.). Beirut: Dar al-afaq jadide. (In Arabic)
Ayati, Abd al-Hamid (2013), Tahrir-i Tarikh-i Vassaf, Tehran: Research Institute of Human Sciences. ]In Persian[
Azari, Ala-Din (1988), history of relations between Iran and China, Tehran: Amirkabir. ]In Persian[
Bastani Parisi, Mohammad Ibrahim (1978), Vadi-i Haftvad, a discussion on the social history and historical monuments of Kerman, Vol. 1, Tehran: National Art Association. ]In Persian[
Bastani Parisi, Mohammad Ibrahim (1988), Az Sir Ta Peaz, Tehran: Alam. ]In Persian[
Bondari Esfahani, E. (2022). The History of Seljuk Government. Beirut: Dar al-afaq Jadide. (In Arabic)
Bosworth, C. E. (1995). Saldjukids, Encyclopedia of Islam. Vol.7. (E. J. Brill Edit). 936 – 959. ]In English[
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund and others (2001), Iranian History Dynasties: Seljuks, translated and edited by Yaqub Azhand, Tehran: Molly. ]In Persian[
Chamankar, Jafar; Sediqi, Mina (2012), "The effect of mutual relations between the Mongols (Ilkhans) and the Karakhtaians of Kerman in the economic development of Hormuz (case study 703-647 AH)", Iranian Islamic History Studies, Vol.2, pp. 18-36. ]In Persian[
Forouzani, A. (2015). Seljuks from the Beginning to the End. Tehran: Samt. ]In Persian[
Gabriel, Alphonse (1969), Geographical research about Iran, translated by Fath Ali Khaje Nouri, completed and corrected by Homan Khaje Nouri, Tehran: Ibn Sina. ]In Persian[
Hadizadeh Kakhki, Saeed (2010), Caravanserai in Iran, Tehran: Cultural Research Office. ]In Persian[
Hâfiz Ebrû. Shahabuddin Abdullah Khafi (1999), Hafez Abro's geography including the geography of Kerman and Hormuz, corrected by Sadegh Sajjadi, 3rd volume, Tehran. ]In Persian[
Hâfiz Ebrû. Tarikh- e Hafiz Ebru [Hâfiz Ebrû history]. Manuscripts. Tehran:  Malek library Archive. ]In Persian[
Hamadani, R. (2008). Jami' al‑tawarikh. (M. Rowshan, Rev.). Tehran: Written Heritage Research Center. ]In Persian[
Hosseini Qazvini, Y. (1936). Lab Al-Tavarikh. (S. J. Tehrani, Rev.). Tehran: Galaleh Khavar. ]In Persian[
Ibn al-Athir, A. (2004). Al-Tārīkh al-bāhir fī al-Dawlah al-Atābakīyah bi-al-Mawṣil. (A. A. Taylmat Research.). Cairo: Dar al-Kitab al-Hadith. ]In Arabic[
Ibn al-Athir, A. (2008). The Complete History. Vol. 10 & 11. Beirut: Dar al-sad Press. ]In Arabic[
Joveyni, A. M. (1958). ‎The history of the world conquerer. Vol. 1. & 2. Corrected by Qazvini, M. Tehran: Bamdad Publication. ]In Persian[
Kashani, Abu al-Qasim (1966), Arayes al-Javaher VA Nafayes al-Atayeb, Tehran: Association of National Artifacts. ]In Persian[
Kashani, Abu al-Qasim (1969), Tarikh-i Uljaytu (History of Oljeitu), under the efforts of Mahin Hambali, Tehran: Book Translation and Publishing Company. ]In Persian[
Khabisi, M. (1994). Seljuq and Oghuz in Kerman. With the introduction written by Bastani Parizi, offset: Safa. ]In Persian[
Khafi, F. (1960). Mojmal- e Fasihi [Fashhi History]. Corrected by Farrokhi, M. Mashhad: Ancient Bookstore. ]In Persian[
Khorasani, M. H. (2007). Montakhab al- tavarikh. Tehran: Ismailie Bookstore. ]In Persian[
Kiani, M. (2009). History of Iranian Art and Architecture in the Islamic Period. Tehran: SAMT Press. ]In Persian[
Lambton, A. (1994). Continuity and Change in the Middle History of Iran. (Y. Ajand, Trans.). Tehran: Ney Press. ]In Persian[
Mirkhand, M. (1996). Rawżat aṣ-ṣaā. Tehran: Elmi, Vol. 4, Second Edition. ]In Persian[
MirKhand. M (1959). Rawżat aṣ-ṣafā. Tehran: Pirouz Publicatons. ]In Persian[
Monshi Kermani, N. (1983). Samt al-a’ala lel-Hazrat al-Olia. Corrected by Iqbal, A. Tehran: Asatir Press. ]In Persian[
Morsalpour, M. (2008). The History of the Seljuqs in Kerman. Kerman: Kermanshenasi Center Press. ]In Persian[
Mustawfī Qazvīnī, H. (1983). Nazhat al-Qolub. Corrected by Lestranj. Tehran: World Book Publishing. ]In Persian[
Neyshaburi, Z. (1954). Seljuk Nameh with Appendix of Seljuk Nameh. Tehran: Qalale Khavar. [In Persian]
Rawandi, M. (1955). The Rahat-Us-Sudur VA Ayat-Us-Surur: Being a History of the Saljuqs. (M. Eqbal, Rev.). Tehran: Amir Kabir Press. [In Persian]
Roosta, Jamshid. « Analysis of Political Relations between the Qara-Khitai Dynasty of Kerman with Mongols and the Ilkhanates». Historical Sciences Studies, Scientific-Research Journal of University of Tehran. Volume 8, Issue 1 - No 13, February 2017, Pages 57-76. [In Persian]
Roosta, Jamshid. «Qara-khitai Ambassadors in the Kharezmshahids’ Court; Formation of theQara-khitai Dynasty in Kerman». Volume 11, Issue 1 - Serial Number 19, September 2019, Pages 93-111. [In Persian]
Roosta, Jamshid; Pormehdizadeh, Sahar. « Analysis of the Judiciary Organization of the Qara-Khitai Government of Kerman». Journal of Iran History, No 70/5, summer - autumn 2012. [In Persian]
Roosta, Jamshid; Pormehdizadeh, Sahar. «Military organization and structure of the army in the Ḳara-Khitayan government». Historical Sciences Studies, Scientific-Research Journal of University of Tehran Volume 11, Issue 41 (spring 2021), Pages 123-148. [In Persian]
Satarzade, M. (2014). Seljuk (431-590 A.H). Tehran: Samt Press, Second Edition. [In Persian]
Sykes, S. P. (1963). Tahghighat- e tarikhi darbare- ye Khorasan [Historical Research on Khorasan]. Translated by Saeedi, Gh. Astan Quds, (15): 15-24. ]In Persian[
Vassāf Al-Hazra Shirazi, Shahab-al-Din-Abdullah (1338), Tārikh-e Vassāf (the history of Vassaf), by Mohammad Mahdavi-Esfahani, Bombay: Bina.
Vaziri, A. (1986). Tarikh-e Kermān (Bāstāni-e Pārizi, Rev.). Tehrān: Elmi Press. ]In Persian[
Vosoughi, Mohammad Bagher (2004), History of Persian Gulf and Neighboring Countries, Tehran: Samt.
Journal of Iranian Studies
Volume 21, Issue 42
December 2022
Pages 171-206

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics